From around 6 months of age, a child’s iron requirement increases rapidly to approximately 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, which is higher than at any other stage of life. This is due to the rapid growth that occurs during the first year of life. Because breast milk contains relatively low levels of iron (approximately 0.3 mg/L) and the infant’s prenatal iron stores are usually depleted by around 4–6 months of age, an iron-rich diet becomes essential during the second half of the first year.
Studies also show that infants with iron deficiency anemia between 6 and 12 months of age may have impaired cognitive function and altered behavior later in school age, even if the iron deficiency is treated. Animal studies have demonstrated that even moderate iron deficiency can affect brain development, and in some cases these effects may be irreversible. In humans, several studies have established an association between iron deficiency during the first year of life and reduced neuropsychological function later in life. [1]
Iron is important throughout childhood
Iron is not only critical during infancy but remains essential throughout childhood and adolescence. During the preschool and school years, iron plays a central role in ongoing cognitive development, contributing to learning ability, concentration, and memory.
In growing children and adolescents, iron requirements increase further during periods of rapid growth. Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss, which increases their iron needs. In addition, iron is necessary for the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen in the body, directly affecting endurance and physical performance.
The role of iron in the child’s immune system
Beyond its importance for brain development and energy metabolism, iron also plays a crucial role in immune function. Iron deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and reduced immune resistance. Iron influences, among other things, the maturation of white blood cells and the body’s ability to fight viruses and bacteria. Adequate iron intake is therefore important not only for supporting cognitive development and physical performance, but also for maintaining a strong immune system throughout childhood and adolescence.
